• many links from Full's lab

Biegert, J. 1963. The evaluation of characteristics of the skull, hands, and feet for primate taxonomy. In Classification and human evolution, ed. S. L. Washburn. Chicago: Aldine.

• SAL #2 QH368 .W27
• Lane #1 572.06 .V694 NO.37
• Biology #3 QH368 .W27
• NOTES: environment considerations influence evolution

Cummins, H., and C. Midlo. 1943. Fingerprints, palms and soles: an introduction to dermatoglyphics. New York: Dover (reprinted, 1961).

• Lane(medical) #1 OLD D1641 .C97 1961
• #2 QL941.C971 1943
• NOTES: mostly concerned with fingerprints, line swirls/freqs, etc.

Elton S, Foley R, Ulijaszek SJ 1998. Habitual energy expenditure of human climbing and clambering ANN HUM BIOL 25: (6) 523-5

• Biology
• NOTES: climbing 100% more costly than walking
• climbing may be disproportionately more expensive for larger animals than smaller ones

Jenkins and McClearn? . 1984. Mechanisms of hind foot reversal in climbing mammals. J. Morph. 182:197-219

• Biology, Lane (medical), Hopkins - Journal of Morphology
• NOTES: tree squirrel, margay, tree shrew, opossum all use some foot reversal (thru ankle/hip combo)
• can be used for headfirst vertical desent, alternate grip, and inverted hanging
• achieved by subtalar inversion, crutalar plantarflexion and transverse tarsal supination

Lewis, 0. J. 1972. Evolution of the hominoid wrist. In The functional and evolutionary biology of primates, ed. R. H. Tuttle. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.

• Biology QL737.P9 F8
• NOTES: morphology details

Napier, J. R. 1967. Evolutionary aspects of primate locomotion. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 27: 333-342.

• GREEN
• NOTES: Relationship between branch size and body size
• for large ratio, the tree shrew does not require prehensile extremities
• for smaller ratios, the prehensile extremity is needed for stability
• or can use suspension w/ smaller ratios (hang under)

Wood Jones, F. 1916. Arboreal man. London: E. Arnold.

• SAL 573.2 .J76
• NOTES: hand, foot, etc morphology - nice pictures

A MECHANICAL MODEL OF APE AND HUMAN CLIMBING AND ITS BEARING ON BODY PROPORTIONS. SARMIENTO, EE. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ; 1989; v.78, no.2, p.296-296

• GREEN
• NOTES: 2 paragraph brief on modelling

• some of the basics

• dead link? (05/14/03)

050703
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http://chvc2.netfirms.com/climb.htm

• pics of hand work, and body movements

• description of climbing types

• Whenever possible, the climber is trying to do most of the work of climbing using his/her legs. In the ideal case, climbers try to keep their centers of gravity over their feet and then push upwards with their legs. They use their arms and hands only for balance and positioning. As the rock becomes smoother, it becomes harder to stay in this ideal position. This is where strength and agility come in. On difficult routes, the climber needs incredible arm, hand and finger strength and endurance to stick to the rock. On extremely difficult routes, finding enough things to hold onto in a continuous sequence becomes a complex geometry problem. See videos at this Web site to see how strenuous climbing can get.

• active protection, camming devices, for large (6in) cracks, SLCD (spring loaded cam device) can "walk" out (bad)

• passive protection, no moving parts, many shapes and sizes

• "gekkomat" suction cup system, related to gecko

• Pole climbing, 1)hand, 2)charlie, 3)stroke

• Pole climbing, 3pt rule

• http://directory.google.com/Top/Recreation/Climbing/Rock_Climbing/Bouldering/

• bouldering pics

• bouldering pics

• bouldering pics

• Link from a guest reader

-- AMcClung? - 15 Jul 2003